One of the factors that can be the link between our intentions and actions and their external consequences is human agency, which indicates the conscious design and intentional execution of actions by the individual in order to influence future events.Objective and Method: This research with a developmental approach of psychometric method and method 1, examines the psychometric indices of the Human Factor Characteristics Scale using the classical theory of test score measurement and the graduated question-answer theory. The purpose of this study, which included high school students in Tehran, was selected by cluster sampling of 500 people as a sample size and statistical analysis was performed on 481 data. To collect the data, the ion Human Agent Characteristics Scale (2011) was used and the research questions were evaluated using IRTPRO and SPSS software.Results:The assumption of local independence based on Pearson x2 index was established by applying Simjima's calibrated question-answer theory and the assumption of being one-dimensional based on the analysis of multidimensional question-answer theory. Diagnosis parameters with question-answer approach and classical approach Test score Both item 25 approach had the lowest and item 2 had the highest diagnosis parameter. The answer thresholds for all the questions were so far apart that no option was covered by the other option, and the options were independently selected by individuals at intervals of theta. The total scale was calculated with Cronbach's alpha of 0.945, intentionality of 0.894, foresight of 0.780, self-reactivity of 0.871 and rethinking of 0.762. Also, the role of each item in internal consistency was investigated by the loop method, which all questions had a favorable role in internal consistency of this scale. The value of the validity coefficient obtained from the question-answer theory was obtained by marginal method for intentionality 0.92, forethought 0.85, self-reaction 0.91, rethinking 0.83..

Modir-e-Madrese by Jalal Ale Ahmad is a narration of a school principal's life, who attempts to make a change in educational system in his school in the Pahlavid period. Considering contextual frame theory, based on cognitive stylistics, this essay tries to study the difference between various contextual frames from the reader's previous knowledge point of view and its effect on didactic aspects of the work. The theory has divided the contextual frames into four types: summons, change, exchange and repair. It is crystal clear that how the readers' previous knowledge is the main factor in distinguishing the different types of contextual frames in the story. It is also clear that besides having the impact on forming different contextual frames, setting and characterization play a role in various didactic aspects of the story. This research uses a descriptive-analytic method to evaluate contemporary didactic stories and novels based on the aforementioned theory.

Background and Aim: Young individuals are recognized as the leading agents of societal change over the last several decades. With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, their lives have become increasingly intertwined with digital networks, leading to a growth in virtual communication. This shift has introduced a paradoxical aspect to their lives, where, despite being more connected, they have become more centered on self-orientation.   Methods and Data: To investigate this issue, the systematic grounded theory approach was employed. The sample consisted of Yazd University students in their junior year, aged between 18 and 19. Based on theoretical sensitivity of the research, in-depth interviews were carried out with 20 selected individuals through theoretical sampling.   Findings: The findings were in the form of 12 main categories, including problematic self-image, self-confidence challenges, communication context, self-control, passivity, problem solving, etc. These young people went through a trajectory characterized by the complexities and uncertainties of societal life. As a result, their chosen trajectories resulted in self-restraint even with extensive social relationships. A paradigmatic model and substantive theory have been developed from these categories.   Conclusion: Young adults stand at the forefront of the dynamics tension between agency and structure. They try to build their own spaces for interaction, take risks, and develop their own platforms and communication networks, despite the systematic limiting pressures. To a significant degree, they have been successful achievement in these efforts.   Key Message: Self-control in young people is to some degree, a product of their online life experiences. This situation is a paradoxical outcome of their life in a networked world, on one side, and the extent of its connections, on the other. Indeed, they have social self-restraint along with widespread communication.

The present research studied the (causal, contextual, and intervening) conditions, strategies, and consequences of violence in the lives of child wives in Chabahar city, conducted with a qualitative methodology based on grounded theory. For this purpose, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 child-married girls in Chabahar city who were selected through theoretical sampling and snowball method. The analysis of the data in the framework of the three-level open, axial and selective coding system showed that gendered inequality and discrimination, women's inferiority, men's value, the culture of silence and the culture of violence play a role in the experience of child-wives in terms of violence (causal conditions), which leads to a type of increased, double violence for them (core category); violence that operates within the framework of the family institution, the main mechanism of which are previous traditions and rules, and the perpetrators of which are men and women who were themselves the victims of the same traditions and rules that they have, now, internalized and used again against their daughters. This increased violence happens in a context where patriarchy is widespread (contextual conditions) and due to the generalized self-deprecation among child wives (intervening conditions), they may attempt to escape, get separated, threaten, and commit suicide (strategies), and these actions have consequences such as symbolic, physical, and sexual violence and even social isolation (consequences).

The experience of being present in places reminiscing concepts, meanings or sweet past memories can induce a feeling of sweet melancholia. This is sometimes followed with a bittersweet emotion: an emotion associated with a sense of lack expressed with terms such as ‘ I wish’ or ‘ alas’ , in other words nostalgia. The places having such qualities can boost people’ s attachment to their environment revealing a less noticeable aspect of rational beauty. The sense of a desirable continuity with the past, and familiarity with the environment induced by familiar elements and concepts are among desirable effects of nostalgia in architecture. The developments and requirements of modernity, however, have left little room to focus and reflect on nostalgic aspects of architecture. The present research has employed a classic contextual method in order to find which features and qualities in a place can provoke a sense of nostalgia, so that its architecture can be described as nostalgic. According to findings, qualities and features such as the appeal of past corporeal elements, durability, an environment suitable for reflection or desirable social interactions, the presence of nature, being inspiring, vividness, familiarity and timelessness can all provoke a sense of sweet melancholia, or nostalgia. Since these qualities are closely associated with the place’ s physical attributes, it is hoped that the present research subsequently cater for more applied research to devise design toolboxes for architects to improve their built environments.